The Risk Management Procedures And The Bylaws - 1240 Words

THE RISK MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES AND THE BYLAWS, STANDING RULES, AND POLICIES OF KAPPA KAPPA GAMMA MUST ALWAYS BE FOLLOWED SO THAT THE INSURANCE PROGRAM OF KAPPA KAPPA GAMMA IS NOT JEOPARDIZED, EXPOSING THE FRATERNITY OR INDIVIDUALS TO CIVIL LIABILITY. Chapter events must be planned with respect for the academic responsibilities of each member and must follow Risk Management Procedures. All planning must be in accordance with current Fraternity Bylaws, Standing Rules and Policies and local, state/provincial, and federal laws. The following are chapter events for which an Event Planning Form is required: 1. Any event involving alcohol. 2. Any event away from the chapter facility involving the chapter members and/or new members, such as a new member retreat or when there is a potential risk involved in the event. Fraternity Policies state, â€Å"Chapters may co-sponsor events in men’s facilities such as dorms, lodges, or houses, if and only if, those facilities are alcohol-free. A request for an exception shall be directed to the District Risk Management Director.† Chapters failing to follow this policy will be subject to disciplinary action. CO-SPONSORS 1. All co-sponsors must be in good standing, recognized by the university and their national organization, and have insurance. 2. All co-sponsors understand and are willing to follow state laws and the Kappa Kappa Gamma Fraternity Policies and the Risk Management Procedures. 3. All co-sponsors must co-sign the Event PlanningShow MoreRelatedThe Risk Management Procedures And Kappa Gamma Fraternity Bylaws Essay1327 Words   |  6 PagesTHE RISK MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES AND KAPPA KAPPA GAMMA FRATERNITY BYLAWS, STANDING RULES, AND POLICIES MUST ALWAYS BE FOLLOWED SO THAT THE INSURANCE PROGRAM OF KAPPA KAPPA GAMMA IS NOT JEOPARDIZED, EXPOSING THE FRATERNITY OR INDIVIDUALS TO CIVIL LIABILITY. Chapter events must be planned with respect for the academic responsibilities of each member and must follow Risk Management Procedures. All planning must be in accordance with current Fraternity Bylaws, Standing Rules and Policies and local, state/provincialRead MoreMy Community Essay1256 Words   |  6 PagesF. Meetings. An adviser shall be present at chapter meetings for the election of officers, revision of chapter Bylaws and Standing Rules, preparation and presentation of the budget, committee meetings — including those of the Nominating Committee and consideration of disciplinary action by the chapter and Standards Committee — and for Chapter Council meetings, membership selection sessions, officer training, and Initiation. G. Recruitment. In the areas where assistance is needed, the Advisory BoardRead MoreIntroduction To Fraternity Bylaws And Standing Rules1370 Words   |  6 Pagesalumnae association President must submit the Delegate Submission Form by April 15. Proposed Bylaws The 2018 General Convention is right around the corner. The proposed amendments to the Fraternity Bylaws and Standing Rules, which will be considered at Convention, will be available in March 2018. If you are attending Convention, there is an educational session scheduled regarding the Fraternity Bylaws and Standing Rules. This will be an opportunity for you to ask your final questions about theRead MoreHazing Prevention : Lesson 11206 Words   |  5 Pages2017 with the goal of completing the program by the fifth week of the New Member Experience. As noted in the letter, the entire chapter membership must be present for the training. Bartender/Risk Management Training As noted in the letter from April 20, 2015, we will schedule a bartender/risk management training with the Office of Sorority and Fraternity Life prior to having a social event with alcohol. A mutually agreeable date will be finalized in late fall 2017 with the goal of completing theRead MoreThe Due Diligence Checklist Requirements784 Words   |  4 Pagesfollowing areas: General Overview: Procedures to gain an understanding of the reasons for selling, circumstances around any previous attempts to sell, complexity of the business and its market, market competition and ease of entry into the market, recent acquisitions in the market, employee organizational structure, geographical structure, and legal entity structure. Corporate Records: Processes to review Company’s Articles of Incorporation and amendments, bylaws, meeting minutes of Board of DirectorsRead MoreAssignment : Types Of Business Organization911 Words   |  4 Pagesdilemma as they do not know if they should commit to a partnership, or corporation. When creating a startup, one has to think carefully and choose the best route of business structure. Moreover, one has to look into the cost, liability, taxation, and management. According to Dr. Richa Tiwari’s article, Types of Business Organization, â€Å"Each form of business organization has advantages and disadvantages and these are largely influenced by the purpose of the enterprise as well as a number of other factorsRead MoreCompanies Frequently Conduct Internal Audits Of Their Business1251 Words   |  6 PagesCompanies frequently conduct internal audits of their business operations. Internal audits are conducted in a professional manner, designed to provide company management with an unbiased and objective view of how the company is operating. Often times the process is conducted by an outside agency, or a privately hired internal auditor. Some companies have a full staff employed to perform continuous audits of various operations. Normally there is specially appointed audit committee, overseen by theRead MoreHazing Of Hazing And Hazing1517 Words   |  7 PagesEducation online courses. Chapters that are assessed and deemed at risk may also receive an in-person course on bystander behavior facilitated by an Every Member Education Trainer. All members annually sign the Membership Commitment Statement, an agreement stating they will not engage in any behavior that would be considered hazing. During the New Member Experience, the topic of hazing is covered on Bid Day as well as in the online risk management course and through GreekLifeEDU. Position Statement: AlcoholRead MoreGraduation Speech : Alpha s Vision And Values Essay1450 Words   |  6 Pagesthe consequences of inappropriate behavior. †¢ Key sister dates †¢ New member class sisterhood events Standards and Risk Management Chapter Council has worked diligently to improve risk management policies during the past year and has collaborated with the Standards Committee to support the procedures we have put in place. Though we have come very far to build up the Risk Management Chairman position and her committee, there is still room for improvement. Beta Xi Chapter’s current Chapter CouncilRead MoreDesign Architecture Designed Company : Sanbano Coolangatta Residences1309 Words   |  6 Pagesdesign teams and their roles The schematic design team and procedure The schematic design team is made up of Town planners,Architects, Quantity Surveyors, Market Agents, Project Managers. After finishing the schematic design, DA team can execute the preparation of DA design. On the basic of functional design brief and design concept. There are some design stages which are involved in the schematic design procedure. The following are the important tasks in schematic design part. 1. Manage

The Necessity Of Surgery Within A Global Health Context

Introduction: Global surgical interventions are a neglected, yet desperately needed, facet of global public health. Common global health approaches, such as prevention of disease through vaccination, are an absolute necessity. However, surgery is often overlooked as a sustainable, effective intervention because of erroneous beliefs about cost efficiency and fears over inadequate infrastructure. While these problems can hamper effective surgical interventions, this paper aims to show that global surgery can be an effective measure to address treatment and prevention of disease, as well as other ailments. Herein, the necessity of surgery within a global health context will be considered through a discussion of its history, its importance in the developing world, successful surgical interventions, and the complexity of implementation. Evidence will also be presented that surgery is not only important to increase quality of life in a cost-effective manner for underserved populations, but also because it forces global public health officials and funders to consider the structural imbalances that lead to ailments treated and/or prevented by this branch of medicine. Intended Audience: Governments, NGOs, and private individuals with the money and interest in global health. Background: Surgery is â€Å"the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease, injury, and deformity by operation or manipulation† (WHO 2014). However, this definition by the World Health OrganizationShow MoreRelatedThe Medical Tourism Industry Is Beneficial1728 Words   |  7 Pagesthe argument as to why the medical tourism industry is beneficial is that it provides an opportunity to successfully promote the image of India as a healthcare destination as it forms customer relations with foreign travel companies as well as other global medical relatives (Singh, 2014, Pg.8). â€Å"Medical tourism can be considered a kind of import: instead of the product coming to the consumer, as it does with cars or sneakers, the consumer is going to the product† is a quote from James Surowiecki, anRead MoreLas 432 Course Capstone Project [Remote/Robotic Surgeries]8094 Words   |  33 PagesLAS 432 Course Capstone Project [REMOTE/ROBOTIC SURGERIES] (LAS 432 - 61870) Professor Melichar August 19, 2013 Team E Team Leader: Jeffrey Manego - D01493135 Team Members: Charles Granke - D03059579 Cheri Clavette - D03363456 Fannie Cameron - D03514004 TABLE OF CONTENTS Description of the Technology 4 Minimally Invasion 4 Zeus System 5 Da Vinci Surgical System 6 Catheter-Based Robotic Intervention 7 The Magellan Robotic System 8 The History of Surgical RobotsRead MoreThe Environment Of Nursing Practice2103 Words   |  9 Pagespatients who are uninsured or have insufficient health insurance coverage. The issue of health care reform brings significant ethical issues of justice to the limelight, as individuals, communities, and the legislature struggling on how to implement quality health care for everybody without sacrificing the basic rights of the individual (Sorrell, 2012). Health professionals have a moral responsibility to support actions that deliver effective health services and to disclose and address injusticeRead MoreUnknown5251 Words   |  22 Pagescreate components suitable for use or replacement in the human body. Biocompatible or osteoinductive (stimulating bone growth) ceramic material, such as hydroxyapatite or some other type of calcium phosphate ceramic, used for reconstructive bone surgery and dental implants. Definition of biosemiconductor The biosemiconductor, together with the drift of charges, ions, and radicals, may be considered as a form of bioplasma. Bioplasma may be subject to magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) control. The EM fieldsRead MoreDigital Bangladesh Problems and Prospects5229 Words   |  21 Pagesthe civil societies. The world is becoming a Digital Planet. Almost every state is running to become a knowledge-based society by 2015. Bangladesh cannot remain out of it. We must build a Digital Bangladesh and establish a knowledge based society within 50 years of our independence in 2021. Let’s work for this achievement. Let us build Digital Bangladesh. Back-ground of the voice of â€Å"Digital Bangladesh†: Since our Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina in her partys election manifesto pledged to develop aRead MoreNew Product Development10504 Words   |  43 Pagesfor a business. One of the many ways of continuous improvement of the business is product/service diversification. It is the key to any organization to be successful in its market. Sometime it acts as a key to survive and some time it acts a necessity for gaining competitive advantage over other companies in the market. Often this is possible through Innovation. This article discusses on Luxottica S.p.A (Luxottica)’s effort in diversifying its successful and premium brand Ray Ban from itsRead MoreHealthcare Essay18323 Words   |  74 PagesChapter 3 The Evolution of Health Services in the United States Learning Objectives To discover historical developments that have shaped the nature of the US health care delivery system To evaluate why the system has been resistant to national health insurance reforms To explore developments associated with the corporatization of health care To speculate on whether the era of socialized medicine has dawned in the United States â€Å"Where’s the market?† 81 26501_CH03_FINAL.indd 81 7/27/11 10:31:29Read MoreNanotech 1AC Essay13565 Words   |  55 PagesRegulation of Nanotechnology,† 03/12/2012, http://www.tierramerica.info/nota.php?lang=engidnews=3920olt=568, AC) MEXICO CITY, Mar 12 (Tierramà ©rica).- Nanotechnology, which is currently unregulated in Mexico, could pose serious threats to human health and the environment, cautions a new study. Far from a policy of precaution vis-à  -vis these new technologies, products are entering the market without regulation to guarantee their safety or labels to inform of their use, researcher Guillermo FoladoriRead MoreMedical Tourism22177 Words   |  89 Pages............. 2 Background to Research ............................................................................. 3 Project Aims ................................................................................................ 4 Organizational Context ................................................................................ 5 Project Objectives ....................................................................................... 5 Report Structure .....................................Read MoreConsumer Lifestyle in Singapore35714 Words   |  143 PagesCONSUMER LIFESTYLES IN SINGAPORE Euromonitor International December 2012 CONSUMER LIFESTYLES IN SINGAPORE Passport I LIST OF CONTENTS AND TABLES Consumer Habits in Context......................................................................................................... 1 Current Behaviour Within the Broader Economic Climate ........................................................ 1 Consumer Confidence ...................................................................................

Maus Essay Example For Students

Maus Essay Maus is one of the most famous of recent graphic novels. Winner of the prestigious Pulitzer prize for literature, its the harrowing true story of a Jewish holocaust survivor, retold to his son decades later. The story has two main threads. The first is the true story of Holocaust survivor Vladek Spiegelmans experiences as a young Jewish man during the horrors leading up to and including his confinement in Auschwitz. The second intertwining story is about Vladek as an old man, recounting his history to his son Art, the author of the book, and the complicated relationship between the two of them. Its a difficult process for both father and son, as Vladek tries to make sense of his twighlight years, indelibly marked by his experiences and a slave to the processes he had to resort to in order to make it through. On this level, its also about Art, as he comes to terms with what his father went through, while still finding the more irritating aspects of his fathers personality difficult to live with. Maus uses anthropomorphic characters, using different species of animal to represent the different characters race or nationality Jews are mice, Germans are cats, Americans are dogs and the Polish are pigs. This doesnt always quite work, though Spiegleman is acutely aware of this as he struggles with whether or not to make his French wife, converted to Judaism before they got married, into a mouse or some other species. Please dont instantly dismiss this as childish nonsense though it owes more to Animal Farm than Mickey Mouse. Its a sad tale, as although Vladek survives the Holocaust, the shadow of the great swathe of humanity that was butchered by the Nazi killing factories hangs over the entire book. It is also haunted by the ghosts of Vladeks first wife Anja and their son Richieu; the former surviving Auchwitz but eventually committing suicide, the latter not making it out of Poland. This book, originally a two volume work is now available in an excellent complete edition in the UK, which binds both chilling volumes into one and is an excellent way for new readers to get hold of this classic work of literature. Readers in other countries have to buy a boxed set to get both volumes together, but its well worth it for this truly unique experience, unrepeatable in any other medium, and certain to go down in history as an extraordinary piece of work.

World Hunger Essays (1675 words) - Hunger, Humanitarian Aid

World Hunger World Hunger Every day an estimated 24,000 people die from hunger or hunger related causes. Three-fourths of these deaths are children under the age of five. One may wonder how this can be living in a country were it seems so much food is wasted everyday. Food restaurants and grocery stores throw away food every night before closing. Many Americans waste food every day within their own homes. With so much left over food in American how is it that an estimated 800 million people around the world suffer from hunger and malnutrition?1 Well, first we must define the word hunger. Hunger, in this case, is not just the rumbling in ones stomach that most of us feel if we have not eaten for a few hours. For this purpose, hunger is defined as a condition resulting from chronic under-consumption of food and/or nutritious food products. It may be precipitated by an inability to obtain sufficient quantities of food to eat or a failure to consume adequate quantities of nutritious food products, regardless of the ability to obtain sufficient food supplies.2 The problem of world hunger is not that there is not enough food produced in the world. World production of grain alone is over 1.5 billion tons, enough to supply the entire world population with two pounds a day.3 This grain combined the current production of other foods such as meat, fruits, vegetables, and nuts is enough to provide each adult and child on earth 3000 calories a day which is what the average American consumes.4 Americans are not the only ones who waste food. People all over the world are doing the very same thing. And the though it seems that America has too much food, we Americans have hungry people living right here in our own country. The world hunger problem lies within the changing environmental conditions, population, and most of all, poverty. This paper will discuss the causes, effects and possible solutions of world hunger. There are three major causes of world hunger, changing environment conditions, population, and poverty. The environment, of course, is the major element in the production of food in most countries across the globe. The environment in which one lives decides what types of food can be produced and how much of that food can be produced. The weather or climate in any particular environment can change and affect what people eat and how much of it they are able to eat. One change in the environment that adversely affects agriculture is soil erosion. Some one-third of the worlds cropland is loosing topsoil at a rate that undermines its future productivity.5 Topsoil is a major factor in growing most crops. It is the richest part of the soil and contains minerals and nutrients that most plants need for survival. Too much soil erosion begins a chain reaction leaving the land susceptible to drought. And as we all know, very little food can be grown on dry land. A drought not only affects plants, but as a result of lack of plants and water and in many cases extreme heat cattle are starved or die f rom thirst. This loss of organic matter in the land results in runoff after rainfall and increased runoff and rainfall allows for flooding. A flood, like the drought though they are opposite, wipes away crops or kills them because of the overabundance of water. People can attempt to produce food by planting and caring for their land and animals, but Mother Nature has the ultimate say and humans are unable to predict what she will do next. The next two causes of hunger we will discuss together because they coincide, population and the poor. Population is an issue not because there are too many mouths to feed, as was stated earlier, but because the hungry people of the world are the majority who have large families and continue to increase them, thus creating hungry children. Poor people have large families for many reasonsReasons of security for their old age. Reasons about additional help on the land. Reasons concerning the cultural preference for sons. Reasons related to the laws of inheritance. Reasons dictated by traditional religious behavior. And reasons of personal pride6 These

A Psychedelic Future Professor Ramos Blog

A Psychedelic Future Psychedelic drugs have been around and used across the world for many years for medical use, religious ceremonies, as well as recreational use. Restrictions started with the Controlled Substance Act of 1970 limiting use and research of psychedelic drugs along with many others. There’s many forms of Psychedelics, some of the most notable ones are LSD, Psilocybin (Magic Mushrooms), Ketamine, MDMA, and DMT. Despite research suggesting otherwise these are all schedule one drugs deemed having no possible medical use by the DEA(Drug Enforcement Administration). In recent years perceptions have been slowly changing and with mental health becoming a growing issue in our society, psychedelics are starting to gain consideration as legitimate medicines for various illnesses. The negative stigma around most psychedelics has been greatly perpetuated by the fact most are considered schedule one drugs, because of that those who may seek help in forms of psychedelic drugs can be potentially discriminated against by employers, universities, and even health care providers(Marks). Seeking help should never be shunned upon, and with medicines such as antidepressants still being largely ineffective, there needs to be change in the idea and reputation around psychedelic drugs. Doctors should not be afraid of condemnation and malpractice for prescribing a medicine that could possibly help someone cope with their mental illnesses. Also researchers should not have their credibility taken into question just by conducting experiments on psychedelic drugs and have a negative connotation to the label â€Å"Psychedelic researcher†. Things need to change, according to Mason Marks â€Å" The cost of doing nothing is high. Suicide, drug overdose, economic losses, and the emotional suffering of patients and those around them, take a heavy toll on society. With few traditional psychiatric drugs in the development pipeline, psychedelics could be one of the best options for improving mental health. However, to realize their potential, the stigma associated with their use must be reduced.† Ignorance is not acceptable when it comes to treating those that could potentially benefit from psychedelics, research needs to be furthered and with positive results people could greatly improve their quality of living. Would it be nice to have a more vivid less pessimistic outlook on life? Drugs such as LSD and Psilocybin have been said to give mystical or life altering experiences capable of leaving a lasting effect on the human mind. In a population study on psychedelics and mental health, conducted by Michael Lerner and Dr. Michael Lyvers it was found that, â€Å"Lifetime LSD use was significantly associated with a lower rate of outpatient mental health treatment and psychiatric medication prescription.†   Its not just the treatment of mental illnesses in which psychedelics can be a positive force, its also the prevention of said illnesses and helping to preserve mental health in the United States and around the world going forward. Mental wellness is an unfortunate afterthought in our society today and with drugs such as medical marijuana finally being looked at as having reasonable medical uses at the state level there’s no reason psychedelics cannot have a similar route to leg alization. Hurdles are still in the way, despite some states recognizing marijuana as a recreational drug as well as medicinal its still considered a Schedule one substance by the DEA. Depression is a terrible feeling, having gone through short periods of time in that state of mind I can only imagine the lonely, sad feelings of those who suffer chronically. There are few reliable medications to treat depression and with many seemingly having as many side effects as benefits. Medications such as Cymbalta that have side effects like nausea, drowsiness, difficulty sleeping, diarrhea, as well as others. Psilocybin however has had positive effects while being one of the safer drugs with more deaths from eating the wrong mushrooms and the actions while under the influence. In a trial by Professor Charles Grob, the Director of the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center twelve patients were administered psilocybin. He found in modest doses in some cases there was a significant decrease in depression sometimes lasting several months. And although some of the results have been short lived it’s shown in a controlled environment that i t is a safe, potentially therapeutic drug only being held back by federal regulations. Many psychedelics are thought to be fairly safe with MDMA and ibogaine needing further research. LSD, ketamine, and psilocybin have low toxicity levels and do not have history of dependence and other risk factors(Marks 99). So although some may point out dangers of psychedelics most of the claims are perpetuated by negative stigma and lack of progressive research on the matter of psychedelics. Being afraid of the unknown is normal, however if there is possible benefits for those who suffer of depression or terminally ill cancer patients its unjust to at least explore the possibilities. Saying psychedelics are too dangerous is unacceptable if you accept alcohol and tobacco as safe substances. According to the CDC (Centers for Disease Control) tobacco accounts for 480,00 deaths in the United States each year and 88,000 for excessive alcohol consumption. Both are legal and have no medicinal benefits and are widely accepted. I’m not speaking to condemn alcohol or tobacco yet just to put in perspective the sad reality of our countries perception. The misunderstood nature in which psychedelics are seen is unfortunate but is a perception that can be changed through research and raising awareness. By going through a similar route of medical marijuana it should seek legalization at the state level for medicinal purposes for trials and further research. Starting at the state level it can have an effect similar to how Colorado jump started legalization of other states such as California, Oregon, and Washington. If positive results yield then can lead towards the rescheduling of psychedelics and perhaps being legalized for recreation in the future. What if psychedelics are the future of mental health medicine? Wouldn’t you want to help lead the psychedelic revolution? Annotated Bibliography Krebs, Teri S. and Pà ¥l-Ørjan Johansen. Psychedelics and Mental Health: A Population Study. Plos ONE, vol. 8, no. 8, Aug. 2013, pp. 1-9. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063972.   http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=aphAN=90070294site=ehost-live This article shows finding from a population study that shows no significant correlation between psychedelic use and mental health problems. The article also shows that Psychedelic use actually shows positive effects on mental health. I will be citing the study information to bolster my argument and provide potential benefits of psychedelic use. This is a academic journal based on the study results. Lerner, Michael and Michael Lyvers. Values and Beliefs of Psychedelic Drug Users: A Cross-Cultural Study. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, vol. 38, no. 2, June 2006, pp. 143-147. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=aphAN=21640708site=ehost-live. This is a cross cultural study between Australia and Israel on the enduring effects of psychedelic drugs by comparing users of psychedelics to those of non psychedelic drugs as well as social drinkers. Findings showed that empathy and coping ability was higher in both drug users but findings could be correlated to said persons personality to begin with. Information found can be used to show the differences between the users of different substances. This is from the Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. Marks, Mason. Psychedelic Medicine for Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders: Overcoming Social and Legal Obstacles. New York University Journal of Legislation Public Policy, vol. 21, no. 1, Jan. 2018, pp. 69-140. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=pohAN=129689802site=ehost-live The issue of mental health is discussed and how many traditional medicines have remain unchanged. Here is detailed how psychedelics are criminalized and how marijuana legalization could potentially provide a roadmap towards a similar goal. It is discussed how to possibly legalize the use of psychedelics giving me a logical basis to for a plan for legalization. This is from the New York Journal of Legislation Public policy. Pixler, Lyndsay. Psychedelic Movement: Healing Trauma through Mdma (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine)-Assisted Authentic Movement Psychotherapy. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, vol. 49, no. 2, July 2017, pp. 121-135. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=128140584site=ehost-live This article goes about the use of MDMA and the potential benefits it can have on those with (PTSD). Also tells how dance and movement therapy can have great effects if paired with Psychedelic therapy. The information on potential medical applications of MDMA granting credibility to the argument of psychedelics having medical use. This an academic article in the Journal of Transpersonal Psychology. Skocylas, Rachel. The Resurrection of Psychedelic Psychiatry and Its Role in Addiction Treatment. UBC Medical Journal, vol. 8, no. 1, Fall2016, pp. 38-39. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=117888943site=ehost-live. This paper looks at the renewed interest in psychedelics for treatments for addiction and mental health. Also it looks at some of the barriers between furthering research on the psychedelic substances. The outline of the restrictions as well as the overview on its effects on mental health will help support my claims and arguments. This is an academic article from the UBC medical journal.

The Deadly Effects of Pain and Hopelessness

The Deadly Effects of Pain and Hopelessness Hashtag: #WorldSuicidePreventionDay The Deadly Effects of Pain and Hopelessness Pain according to a clinical study has been associated with the desire for hastened death but people experiencing severe depression and hopelessness are more likely to develop suicidal ideation.   Suicidal ideation according to the study performed by a Pain and Psychiatry Services group among cancer patients was not directly caused by intense pain but the degree of depression and mood disturbances. This is because although majority or 87% of the 185 cancer patients who had experienced significant pain and expressed their desire to end their lives, none of them intend to act.   Since patient’s perception of poor relief, a state often associated with aspects of hopelessness and subsequent desire for hastened death, pain is an indirect but powerful contributor to suicidal ideation. Pain according to the literature affects a person’s quality of life, sense of control, and weakens the ability of family members to provide support; pain, not motives is the most cause of suicide thoughts and behavior on campus.   Along with risk factors such as difficulties in the relationship, substance abuse, impulsive and aggressive behavior, family history, and others, 1 in 10 college students seriously considers suicide due to significant depression. The most common and most painful is the death of a loved one and associated grief as such can trigger an assortment of negative reactions such as anxiety, remorse, rage, and other. However, assessment of the student’s suicidal intention suggests that in terms of determining how far a student will go (including death), knowledge and understanding of student’s perception regarding the pain are more important than his or her situation. This is because, in a suicidal person experiencing extreme psychological pain or â€Å"psychache† a term coined by Edwin Shneidman in 2005, anything that is perceived as a viable solution to escape his or her emotional desperation and unbearable emotions can lead to escalation. Want to know more? Go here: Relieving Students School-Related Stress The Killing of Three Muslin-American College Students Violence against Female University Students Womens Right to Education The Misdemeanors of Well-Educated People in Public Office Warning Signs, Triggers, Risk and Protective Factors Some of the warning signs that a person experiencing intense pain  and extreme emotional desperation will take his own life   include withdrawal, giving away his or her prized possessions, talking about death, refusing help, verbal threats, and others. The conditions that will likely trigger pursuit of suicidal ideation, on the other hand, include embarrassment, bullying, sudden transitions or change of circumstances, substance abuse, conflict, bullying, and others. Risk factors are gender, race, cognitive or emotional, others. Study of suicidal behavior in high school and college students suggests that predictors of suicidal ideation are similar to both genders and races. Males reported greater loneliness and substance abuse than females. Depression and suicidal ideation are common among females, but they fear death and injury more than males who, according to the study have greater fear of social disapproval. Carrying a weapon at school is predictive of suicidal attempts among males of all ethnicities while perceived parent and family connectedness is a protective factor for black, Hispanic, and white boys and girls.   Finally, in terms of coping and help seeking attitude, boys often used maladaptive coping strategies such keeping the problem to themselves, hiding their feelings,   and using drugs and alcohol.

The Common Cold Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Common Cold - Essay Example Aching may also occur in the affected parts of the body during the disease. Typically, three to five days are taken by this disease in the normal human body. However, it has been observed by many studies that approximately three weeks are taken by residual coughing in the patient. In this regard, the most common of all the human diseases is the common cold. In light of a number of studies and researches, it has been analyzed that an average rate or two to four infections occur in the adults per year. Whereas, school-aged children are affected by this viral disease at a higher extent, that is, twelve times per year. In some populations, it is common to have more than three infections of the common cold in a person during a whole year. However, a higher risk is taken by children and their parents, as schools are found to be high in density in most of the countries. Secondly, as we mentioned above, it is a viral disease; therefore, family members are transmitted to this disease very easily and efficiently by the common cold bacterias. The upper respiratory tract infections is belonging the disease of common cold. However, influenza is found to be different from the common cold, as respiratory tract is infected more severely during influenza, as compared to the common cold disease. ... However, when it becomes complicated, it results in the form of pneumonia, which can even take the life of a patient. In this regard, sometimes, people relate the common cold disease with pneumonia and influenza, due to non-availability of valid and updated scientific research in specific areas. Contrary to popular belief, it has been found by a number of scientists that very young and elderly people are more likely to be at risk due to new strains of this virus in the human body. However, the occurring of death is quite rare in this disease, and death is suffered in only one out of one million subjects related to the disease of common cold. The vulnerability of this cold disease has been found most common in the young children, who go to school and socialize with their classmates and other staff of the school. Secondly, patients are also found to having common cold who have been into any kind of surgery. In these cases, the death rate was around one case out of fifty thousand cases. However, it is very important to know that chimps were used to carry out these kinds of experiments. Nevertheless, scientists believe that the humans will react with these experiments similarly, as compared to the experimented chimps. Therefore, we may say that the occurrence of the disease of viral and infectious common cold can be related to the animals. Causes A number of viruses are considered as primary causes and factors of the common cold in the human body. Mainly, corona viruses, coxsackie viruses, rhinoviruses, etc. are some of the main viruses that cause the common cold, and the upper inspiratory system is infected and affected in the outcomes of the disease. Scientists have found and described hundreds of viruses that cause

Kodak and Fujifilm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Kodak and Fujifilm - Essay Example In this project a comparative study has been made between these two companies regarding their history, business approaches and management as well as marketing strategies. History and core business Kodak In the year 1888, George Eastman is the first person to put a simple camera on the hands of the consumers. Their innovative slogan was- â€Å"you press the button, we do the rest†. The complicated process of capturing a picture was made easy. From that time Eastman Kodak company engaged itself in making the way of photography easier. Now Kodak is not only known for photography but also for commercial entertainment and scientific application. The ways of communication and business have been changed as it increased involvement of different technology to combine images and information. Eastman had a dream to make photography â€Å"as convenient as the pencil†. Kodak not only fulfilled the dreams of photographers it but also ranked as a premier multinational corporation with highly known brand recognition. With different innovation and incorporation made by Kodak, the concept of photography emerged as a mode of enjoyment to the common people (Kodak, 2013). Fuji Fuji Photo Film Co. Ltd was established in the year 1934. The Japan government felt the need to establish a domestic photographic film manufacturing industry. It was inherited from the film operations of Dianippon Celluloid Company Limited. The company started producing photographic film, photographic print paper, dry plates and other photosensitive materials. From the year 1965 the name changed to Fuji color Service Co. Ltd. Next the company started to expand all over the world. It started acquiring the European market as well as the U.S.A. market. Different companies were acquired from different sectors for the diversification process. In every year it can be witnessed that the company is acquiring different types of business. Lastly in the year 2013 it has been found that it established FUJIF LIM COLOMBIA S.A.S. as a subsidiary in Colombia and FUJIFILM LATIN America (PANAMA) S.A. as a subsidiary in Panama (FUJIFILM, 2013). Management Approach Innovation and Relative success Kodak In a continuous process Kodak scientists and engineers are worthy of getting awards for their various contributions in the scientific and technical fields. In case of technology image science, computational imaging, audio signal processing, video analysis & motion processing and mobile communications create several new challenges for imagining technology. In case of material science it is all about Polymer Science, Chemistry Modeling, and Atomic scale Assembly and for micro devices it is about optical Electronic Materials, Micro fluidics and MEMS &MOEMS. In 1912 it first established a research lab which is used for industrial research. By the classical Musicians in the year 1930 Kodachrome film was invented. The first electronic scanner for graphic art was developed in the Kodak labs in the year 1937. Photo resist was invented by the scientist from Kodak. In the mission of Apollo 11in the year 1969, the electronic camera was built by Kodak to sent still pictures from the moon. The first digital camera was invented by Steve Sasson in the year 1975. The earliest practical megapixel CCD figure sensor

Interview Essay Essay Example for Free

Interview Essay Essay Anthony Bryant Jr. is a man who is willing to sacrifice his free time in order to chase his goals. He started out watching the p90x infomercial late one night because he had nothing else to do and just wanted to see what it was like. He began to ask around and see if anyone he knew had the program and if it gave the results that were promised. Luckily, he ran into an old friend who had recently lost the motivation to stick with the program, and asked if he could try it out for himself. â€Å"I thought it would be a breeze because its just a simple home workout,† he smirked. Little did he know, he was about to challenge himself harder than ever before. This was only the beginning of his journey to understand what dedication and commitment truly meant. A. J. decided that we should meet at his local gym which he attends daily. I got there a little early and decided to check out the environment. Inside was a sizable room filled with machines and equipment built strictly for strength training, half of which I didnt even know how to use. Out of nowhere, I heard â€Å"hey man whats up† from the front of the gym, I smiled and turned around to see Anthony walking through the door wearing a Grey cutoff shirt that said â€Å"pain is weakness leaving the body† and a pair of light blue basketball shorts. He is a rather tall, lean guy with short, black hair, weighing in at about 205 pounds. We started talking as he laid down on the bench to pump some iron. After the first three or four minutes, I asked if we could go somewhere else to talk because I could hardly hear him over the sound of the weights rattling against each other. He agreed that it was a bit too loud in the gym for an interview; we went outside and sat at a round table and I asked my first question. I began by asking what his typical day was like through the week. He said he starts his day by getting to the gym before the owner at five in the morning to do cardio. After an hour of cardio he goes home to make his first meal of the day, which is always protein pancakes. Then he picks up his backpack and heads off to school for the next 5 hours. As soon as he gets home from school, he hits the books to make sure he gets all of his work done and has nothing to stress about at the gym. When his training partner arrives they eat a quick meal before heading out to the weight room. They get there and start their average two hour workout, depending on the day: Monday – Chest ; biceps, Tuesday – Legs, Wednesday – rest day, Thursday – Back ; Traps, Friday – Shoulders, Saturday – Arms, and Sunday – rest day. Upon completing the strenuous exercises they return home for their last meal of the day and go their separate ways until the next session. By this time the only thing left to do is get a good nights rest to let their muscles recover for the next day. I could not understand how they did this every day without giving in to failure. Mr. Bryant told me that there were three objectives to keep in mind when choosing to embark on a fitness journey, to decide, commit, and succeed. I asked what each of these meant individually; he leaned back in the chair and said â€Å"boy lemme tell ya, deciding to better yourself is the easiest part, you simply determine whether or not you are willing to go the distance. Anyone can say theyre going to get in shape right after they take a bite of a twinkie. † That is when I realized he was very passionate about physical fitness. Obviously, deciding to become fit was the easiest step, my next question was which one was the hardest. He told me commitment was the most important part of the challenge to become fit, he looked at me and firmly stated that we should never make a plan B because it only distracts from plan A. He told me if someone was to fully decide and commit to working out then the success would come on its own. After hearing him say that, I felt like it was possible for anyone to achieve what he has with the correct guidance. I asked him if he ever thought about personal training or motivational speaking. He nodded his head and laughed, until he saw that I was serious. Responding with, â€Å" not really, I mean I just planned on attending and hopefully winning competitions, I never thought I could be a help to others in achieving their own goals. † A. J. asked if I thought he would be a good inspiration to keep other people motivated and challenge themselves. I reassured him saying, â€Å"you have done this for so long now that it has become second nature to you, I am sure you would have no problem assisting people who need your help. † After the interview was over, I thanked him for giving me his time. he got up anxiously and simply walked back into the gym he has so long loved. I sat there in awe, at how a person can be so dedicated to improving his physique. Anthony Bryant went from watching infomercials of P90X to making the gym his second home. This is a man that has changed my view about what hard work actually means, and was only the beginning of my journey to understand the meaning of dedication and commitment.

Paul Revere Essay -- Biography

Paul Revere Paul Revere was a man of many talents, a â€Å"Jack Of All Trades† if you will. Patriot, silversmith, engraver, and republican, he was destined to be a hero. Born to parents Apollos De Rivoire, a French Huguenot, and Deborah Hitchbourn, Paul Revere came into the world on January 1, 1735 in Boston Massachusetts. Clark’s Wharf is where the Reveres resided now. The third born of eight children Revere learned early the lesson of perseverance, a lesson that would be an important in his later life, Revere would need to keep on going no mater what obstacles appeared in his way. Revere attended school in Boston where he got a sufficient education as well as in the shop with his father and the wharves of where he lived. As Revere grows in age he upholds many different jobs, including being a bell ringer for Christ’s Church, an Episcopal parish. Around the time of Reveres newly found job the first indications of the Revolutionary War were be gossiped about around the town. On the Sunday morning in which he was to toll the bell of Christ’s church a young boy heard the first gun of the revolution. Revere didn’t know this yet but his honorable duty lay within that revolution. On the twenty-second day of July, 1754 Reveres father died in his sleep. He was buried in the Old Granary. Paul was very distraught over losing his father. They were close, more like friends than father and son. After his fathers death Paul became the man of the house. He had to take on more responsibilities and work harder to support his large family. After a while the stress was weighing him down and it was probably some sort relief when he went to fight the French. In 1756 he returned. On August 4, 1757 Paul Revere married Sara Orne, or a Revere referred to her â€Å"Sary†. After some years of marriage Revere thinks it’s time for something new so he joins the masons, where he meets James Otis and Joseph Warren both men whom are of importance to him. I n 1761 the year James Otis made his famous speech to Revere it would be know as the year that he fought his cousin Francis husband. The reasons why these two young men fought are not known but are probably logical considering that Revere was not the brawling type. All the while Revere is still making silver. Smallpox strikes the Reveres household as well as the rest of Boston. Paul Revere loved his children and couldn’t bear the fact of losing... ... it is Reveres duty to identify dead bodies, on of which is his friend from the masons, Joseph Warren. Later that year it is said that George Washington himself asked Revere to go out to Castle Island to fix the cannon. This was a great honor. But with honor comes sadness and on May 26th his mother passed at aged 73. Revere had suffered many losses including his wife and father but this one hurt the most. He had lived with his mother his whole life and really respected the idea of family. Revere worked more with the government and Castle Island. He soon packed up and head home once again. Hard times strike once again and Revere is once again drove to find more work. He tries commercial work but silver is still his main income. Revere fights to be court marshal, re-establishes his character, and writes endless letters to his cousins in France and Guernsey. Paul sets up a foundry and casts the first bell ever cast in Boston. Paul Revere now has lived over half his life and relaxes a bit. He gets involved in civic projects and the welfare of children, grandchildren and friends. He discovers the secret of rolling copper and establishes a great industry. Paul Revere dies May 10 1818.

Principles of diversity Essay

Assignment overview In this assignment you will consider best practice in promoting diversity, equality and inclusion which does not discriminate against others. You will look at relevant legislation, codes of practice and regulations governing adult social care and consider the consequences for a variety of people if these are not followed. You are asked to consider your own attitudes and beliefs and how these may impact on how you treat people and to reflect on your own practice. Tasks There are three tasks to this assignment. A Short answer questions B Leaflet C Reflective account This is a summary of the evidence required for the unit. Task Evidence Learning outcomes covered A Short answer questions 1.1, 1.2, 3.1 B Leaflet 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 3.2, 3.3 C Reflective account 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 Task A Short answer questions Ai Explain in your own words what each term means. Give one example from care practice to illustrate your explanations. SHC 33 1.1) Diversity Diversity means variety, an example of this is society, where people very in a multitude of ways, including sex, age, sexual orientation, physical characteristics such as height, weight and skin colour, personal experiences and attributes, such as beliefs, values and preferences. Care settings  reflect the diversity of the population, an example of which is diet, some people have specific dietary needs, some may need food that is pureed due to swallowing difficulties, others may follow a vegetarian or vegan diet, people from different cultural and religious backgrounds have specific dietary needs. Equality Equality is treating people fairly regardless of their differences, ensuring that they have access to the same life opportunities. An example of this in the care setting is Ability, a lack of understanding about the needs of people with physical or mental disabilities results in them finding it difficult to make the most of life’s opportunities, an example of this in the care setting is persons not taking part in activities as they may not be suitable to their needs, this can lead to them being socially excluded, we need to ensure that there are a range of activities to suit all needs. Inclusion Inclusion is accepting everyone, regardless of difference, it is about getting rid of intolerance of difference and providing help and support where appropriate. The act of inclusion brings about a feeling of wellbeing and builds on a person’s confidence, ensuring that everyone can meet their full potential. Within a care home setting each individual has differing needs that have to be continually monitored and assessed to ensure that they are getting the most out of life for example a person’s mobility needs changing should not exclude them, they need to be given the correct level of support to take part and feel included in the day to day living that they enjoyed previously. Discrimination Discrimination is a form of prejudice, it is an attitude or way of thinking based on unfounded, unreasonable pre judgement of a person or situation, not one based on factual assessment, and it can cause a barrier that makes it difficult for a person to make progress or to achieve goals. An example of this in the care setting is not giving choice to a resident with things such as what they wish to eat if there’s only one choice for those that are in need of a pureed diet but three different meals available to other resident’s. Aii For each of the following people/groups of people, describe two different possible effects of discrimination. (SHC 33 1.1) An Individual The effects of discrimination on an individual; 1) Short term effects on an individual can include intimidation, humiliation, resentment and anger. 2) Long term effects can bring about feelings of inferiority, loss of self-worth and confidence a distrust and fear of others, leading to social exclusion. Their Families The effects on a person’s family; 1) The injustice of discrimination not only has an effect on the individual but also their family, by denying people opportunities such as education they cannot find employment or live in decent housing, this in turn leads to victims and their family’s being in deprivation, without a good standard of living. 2) Discrimination can cause the breakup of a family, this is due to the stress that is caused. Wider society The effects of discrimination on wider society; 1) Discrimination in the long term results in deprivation for whole groups in society, such as the elderly. 2) Discrimination has brought about a postcode lottery with unequal availability of services in different parts of the country. Those who discriminate The effects on those who discriminate; 1) They would be in breach of the equality act 2010 and as such in contravention of the law this can lead to both fines and imprisonment. 2) Those who discriminate show a lack of concern for others, their beliefs, culture and preferences showing a lack of concern, this in turn brings into doubt the person’s ability to care, Health and social care workers have a responsibility to provide a high level of care, anything else would be neglect. Aiii Identify three ways of challenging discrimination, and describe how each will promote change. 1)  Work place discrimination can be challenged by analysing why the person behaves in a discriminatory manor, an example may be they were brought up in an environment where labelling, stereotyping and negative prejudice were normal behaviour and so not questioned. This needs to be explored privately, for example during an appraisal where behaviour can be questioned and required changes can be agreed and recorded with their success being measured. 2) Informal discussions provide opportunity to reflect on the dire effects of discrimination, talking through these issues and imagining how it must feel to experience unfair, unjust treatment, can have powerful effects on thinking and behaviour, hence bringing about change in mind set. 3) Education is a way of challenging discrimination, ensuring that persons abide by work place policies and procedures and codes of practice including those that relate to anti-discrimination policies. Good communication skills enable discrimination to be challenged in an assertive yet encouraging way to bring about behaviour change. Task B Leaflet Bi Your work setting is running an induction course for new social care workers in an adult social care setting. Create a leaflet, which can be used to support this course. The leaflet must include the following: a) A description of the legislation and codes of practice relating to diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination. b) An explanation of the possible consequences for individuals, social care workers and others if the legislation and codes of practice are not followed. c) A description of how inclusive practice can promote equality and support diversity. d) An explanation of how to support others to promote diversity, equality and inclusion. Leaflet enclosed. Bii Give two examples of how you could raise awareness of diversity, equality and inclusion. (SHC 33 1.1) 1) Training and discussion; Training and discussion in one to one meetings or groups of staff, raise awareness of equality, diversity and inclusion. The more they will engage in discussion and obtain training about this issue the more they will learn and be aware of it and also put it in to their everyday practice. 2) Through providing leaflet, information and policies and procedures; Providing leaflets and sufficient information regarding diversity and equality will raise awareness to a social care worker by having knowledge about it. It also helps them to know about the consequences if agreed ways of working are not followed. Task C Reflective account (SHC 33 2.2) Ci Write a reflective account describing: †¢ How your personal preferences, attitudes, heritage and beliefs might impact on working practice. †¢ How to ensure that your own practice is inclusive and respects the beliefs, culture, values and preferences of individuals. Suggested word count: 500 – 700 words (Enclosed as separate document) Cii Write a brief account that describes examples of inclusive practice. Inclusive practice, is about attitudes, approaches and strategies taken to ensure that people are not excluded or isolated. An examples of this would be; show respect, regardless of a person’s age, sex, sexual orientation race and ability, with regard to their believes, culture , values and preferences. It is good to model care on Principles of care that promote inclusive work practice, letting personal preferences shape the way you work, supporting individuals in retaining their cultural dignity, such as how they choose to dress and maintain their personal hygiene. Respect the need to maintain confidentiality of personal and sensitive information, ensure that persons are not disadvantaged but can access equal opportunities for example by making sure they receive help and support that is appropriate for their needs. (SHC 33 3.1, 3.2) Ciii Write a brief account that describes practice, which excludes the individual and is discriminatory. Taking away a person’s personal preferences can excluded the individual and the care worker would not be demonstrating ‘inclusive practice’, examples of this would be denying someone the opportunity to worship in the way their religion dictates this would be excluding them, a person not being given the chance to choose what to wear takes away from their right to equality and may impact on their cultural dignity. Not allowing for a person’s dietary requirements an example of this might be a vegetarian not being able to have the same amount of choices as a person who eats meat. A person who needs to use a wheelchair could be excluded from taking part in an activity due to problems with access this would cause them to be disadvantaged and discriminated against. By not using the person cantered approach within health and social care you would not be following best practice leading to people being denied their freedom and this is a form of neglect and may be see n as abuse.

Tragedy to Triumph

Julia Klein Mr. Tuz History Block 3 23 October 2012 Tragedy to Triumph There has been no greater, more unforgettable tragedy in America’s modern history than what took place on September 11, 2001. It was a horrifying day that ended 2,996 lives: 2,977 victims and 19 hijackers, but eventually created a new beginning of change for the better of the nation (The 9/11 Commission Report). A decade after the 9/11 attacks reshaped several facets of life in America. Life and travel in America has changed significantly over the past decade (Shanty).As an immediate response for our nation’s safety, there were some temporary changes made, while other changes have resulted in lasting transformations of our country (Villemez). A traumatizing day for many, 9/11 created a national burden of prejudice, brought about much needed changes of transforming our travel, and altered our government, which all eventually helped strengthen America. Obviously, not all of the changes that resulted fr om the September 11th tragedy were beneficial to the nation, especially the Anti-Islam Sentiment that was developed (Jamil).America’s 2. 6 million Muslims have constantly found themselves facing resentment and hostility during the years after 9/11 (9/11: ‘The Day the World Changed). Some Americans had responded to the September 11 terrorist attacks with extreme terror, as well as a growing intolerance against people who were, or simply just appeared to be from the Middle East. Immediately after the attacks, the government searched for suspects internationally, and numerous Muslims in the U. S. reported that they were the victims of hate crimes and harassment (Villemez).After the attacks, Islamic violence in America increased greatly. According to the FBI, 28 hate crimes in 2000 were found to be anti-Islamic, while that number rose rapidly to 481, and remains above 100 a decade later (The 9/11 Commission Report). There has also been a significant growth of religious divi sion and public distrust of Muslims in America (9/11: ‘The Day the World Changed). â€Å"The perception many Americans share today is that â€Å"terrorism† and â€Å"Islam† are synonymous. This is not true, because those terrorists are not true Muslims, and do not representIslam, any more than the KKK represented Christianity. Unfortunately, people's ignorance has led many to shape a negative attitude about Islam,† Basir Jamil shares his disappointed perspective on the hot topic of Anti-Islam Sentiment (Jamil). Jamil was born in America, but has a Pakistan background. Throughout his childhood, he has personally encountered racism and extremism that resulted from 9/11. He said he â€Å"endured snide comments, people calling me â€Å"terrorist,† and people generally hating me for no reason but my race and religion† (Jamil).Though it is accurate that concerns about extremism involving a tiny minority are justified, as a few of the terrorist plot s since 9/11 did involve Muslim citizens who purposely tried to harm the United States, it is also equally believed that the larger community of American Muslims has. Throughout the last decade, there has been a gravely unjust burden of prejudice and misunderstanding in America. Another immediate change, which occurred as a result of 9/11, was to take new measures of safety in our Nation’s security. Most of the security changes after the attacks took place in the airports (Villemez).A couple months after the attacks, Congress passed the Aviation and Transportation Security Act. This created the Transportation Security Administration that secures all transportation systems and insures air travel safety (Johnstone). The TSA implemented new procedures, which included more rigid guidelines on screening. After 9/11 as new threats were being discovered, new procedures were being introduced including removing shoes and banning all liquids. Airplanes also underwent major changes incl uding fortified cockpit doors becoming more common, and less first-class cabin curtains being used by many airlines (Villemez).Pilots can now become a federal flight deck officer by applying, which gives them the right to carry a gun and serve as a federal officer. In order to compensate for the extra security costs, a â€Å"Sept. 11 fee† was added onto passengers' tickets. The TSA has collected nearly $15 billion over nine years (Shanty). Besides air travel, railways and mass transit systems now have checkpoint regulations that allow law enforcement to randomly search personal property and bags. Also random stops at major tunnels were greatly increased to include checkpoint searches at the discretion of law enforcement (Johnstone).The improvement of security in travels shows the tremendous impact of 9/11, but it also is clearly evident in the policies adopted by the U. S. government immediately after the tragedy (Villemez). Former President George W. Bush passed a considerab le amount of U. S. legislation to strengthen U. S. National Security (The 9/11 Commission Report). The Patriot Act may be the most obvious piece of legislation relating to Sept. 11. In the 2002, there were more than 130 pieces of 9/11-related legislation introduced in the 107th Congress, with 48 bills and resolutions signed into law.The Patriot Act made it easier for law enforcement agencies to search telephone, medical and financial records (Villemez). Along with the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, they included the Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act. This required the State Department and Immigration to exchange visa and immigrant data with each other (Shanty). According to The Washington Post, there were 263 government organizations created following the attacks. Government agencies created after 9/11 included the Department of Homeland Security.The Homeland Security Act of 2002 combined over 200 government agencies including the TSA, Immigration and Cus toms Enforcement, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the National Guard, and the Secret Service (The 9/11 Commission Report). The government plays a very significant role in our nation, and played their role well by closing most of the holes of insecurity effectively. A decade is a lengthy time, but perhaps not quite long enough for a country to bounce back from the biggest terrorist attack on its soil. Security measures have been extended, but Americans are still feeling the impact of what happened on that early fall day.Though this incident caused a lasting legacy of terror in many, it also brought America closer as one nation (Villemez). â€Å"Instead of turning us against each other, tragedy has brought us together. (†¦) This country was built as a beacon of freedom and tolerance. That’s what's made us strong, now and forever,† Obama says as he realizes the affect of 9/11 on the country, and the importance of the nation moving forward as one nation and o ne people (The 9/11 Commission Report). Instead of pulling back from the world, our alliances have been strengthened while security at home has tremendously improved.America now has a renewed sense of pride and unity (9/11: ‘The Day the World Changed'). People have begun to realize just how precious every moment we have in life is and how fortunate we are to live in a country that gives us the freedom to live as we please. This day will never be forgotten, lives were lost, lessons were learned, and a stronger America has emerged. Works Consulted â€Å"9/11: ‘The Day the World Changed'. † Issue Focus. Sept. 11 2002: n. p. SIRS Government Reporter. Web. 20 Oct 2012. Jamil, Basir. â€Å"Growing up Muslim after 9/11. † Baltimore Sun. N. p. 12 Sept. 2010. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. Johnstone, R. William. â€Å"Not Safe Enough: Fixing Transportation Security. † Issues in Science and Technology Vol. XXIII No. 2. Winter 2007: 51-60. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 20 O ct 2012. Shanty, Frank. â€Å"Ten Years on Background. † American History. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 11 Sept. 2012. The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. New York: Norton, 2004. Print. Villemez, Jason, and Dalia Mortada. â€Å"9/11 to Now: Ways We Have Changed. † PBS. PBS, 14 Sept. 2011. Web. 21 Oct. 2012.

Challenges of the Media in Representing Gender

Challenges of the Media in Representing Gender Introduction The issue of gender and equality has been a subject of discussion for a long time in many parts of the world. Since gender is an outcome of socialization, various factors and agents of socialization contribute greatly to the heated debate of gender identity. Studies of Eschholz Bufkin (2001) record that media can be described as a site where the battle concerning gender related issues is fought.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Challenges of the Media in Representing Gender specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is due to the fact that media is not only popular but also but also wide as it includes, print, audio, visual and audio visual. It is not easy to underestimate various roles played by the media. Nonetheless, scholars have raised a major concern concerning representation of gender in the media. Even through all media is affected by the challenge of gender representation, film and movie ind ustries are greatly affected by same. Several studies which have been conducted illustrate that movies and films are characterized by gender stereotype and violence. Before raising an accusing finger at the industry, it is important to note that the main aim of the industry is to make profit which is only achievable by meeting demands of the audience. However, that does not imply that the industry does not have a great role of ensuring that gender representation is done adequately. Nonetheless, with the current challenges that affect gender like people’s perception and lack of fixed gender identity, movies are challenged to represent gender accurately and balance between making profit and pleasing the audience. With that background in mind, this paper shall focus on various challenges experienced media in representing gender and ensuring that their targets are met. Background Information It is important to research on the trend of gender representation in various films to be in a position to understand various challenges that may have contributed to the situation. Various studies have been conducted to research on roles played by female characters in various movies and films. It is true that movies and films contain both female and male characters and they do play different and various roles. According to the studies of Gilpatric (2010), some people have been having a problem by roles played by women characters the action movies. Further studies indicated that in various action movies, it is rare to have female characters playing as hero and in case they appear, it is only in a romantic relationship. Worse still, even in a romantic relationship, there is usually a strong male character in control of everything. Results in a content analysis illustrated that even in films featuring male dominated professionals, women usually take lesser roles and more often that not, they are usually involved with love affairs.Advertising Looking for research pap er on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many films illustrate women as more feminine since they are displayed as sensitive, easy to manipulate and romantic. On the other hand, men are more masculine as they are illustrated as risk takers, athletic and more aggressive. Such results are clear indications that most of the movies are characterized by gender stereotype since most of the character traits displayed are masculine and feminine stereotypes. Challenges the Media Faces in Representing Gender People’s Perception on Gender The issue of gender is a controversial issue in all sectors. Therefore, it becomes a major challenge for the media to deal with an already controversial topic. In the current world, people have got their own understanding of gender roles. For instance, in many societies, men are viewed as superior to women and are associated with various masculine stereotype character traits. Likewi se, women are also viewed as inferior to men and more often than not, they are associated with feminine stereotype character traits like submissiveness and sensitivity. Moreover, the issue of gender stereotypes is a mater of concern not only to feminists but also to other people in the society. Therefore, people are always sensitive to any advert, film or movie that touches on gender issues. Given that people have their own perception of gender, they end up using the same in interpretation of various movies and films. This issue was well illustrated in the studies of Lee (2008) after carrying out a study to research on the interpretation of people on various marriages that are featured in Disney Films. The results of the study indicated that most of informants viewed marriages in the film in relation to their perception towards gender. For example, to the majority, men usually accomplish their goals without many hindrances while women have got a lot of obstacles to overcome. Althoug h some were able to point out that there are some personal preferences that hinder marriage, some we are still more focused on roles of women in the traditional set up as well as the unfair treatment of women. The issue of gender being a sensitive and controversial requires no emphasis. Moreover, the research has indicated that people have their own perception on gender and other same is prone to change. This is due to the fact that some women who were interviewed made their interpretations in relation to the traditional gender roles while others based their argument on the views present in the contemporary society.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Challenges of the Media in Representing Gender specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In such a situation, it is a big challenge for the media and the film industry to adequately represent both genders when people have their own perception. Worse still, perceptions are not only diverse, but do change with time. It is clear that there is no satisfactory position that media can take even if it is expected to represent gender appropriately. Balancing Between Making Profits and Pleasing the Audience The foremost aim of the movie industry is making profits and it can only be achieved by making sure that the needs of the audience are met. To begin with, the audience comprises both males and females and all do posses different views concerning gender. Men enjoy most when they watch films that display women who are more submissive and less independent. On the contrary, women especially in the current world are more pleased when they watch films featuring independent women. The current era is characterized by transition from the traditional outlook of gender where women were inferior to men to the modern outlook where equality is emphasized. However, it is important to note that there are still some people in the society whose view on gender is determined by traditional beliefs and values. For instance, the study which was conducted in Disney marriages indicated that although some people in the society are more realistic when interpreting films, there are others who are guided by the traditional outlook of gender and gender roles (Lee 2008). Since there a lot of changes concerning the issues related to gender, the movie industry is expected to change accordingly which is a major challenge. It is a fact that women and men may have conflicting views on gender and gender roles. In addition the movie industry must meet the needs of both in order to make any profit. More often than not, movies that meet the needs of men may not end up meeting the needs of women. For instance, films like Tomb Raider featuring Lara Croft and the Kill Bill show that feature empowered women may evoke negative views from men whose perception on gender is defined by traditional outlook. On the other hand, the same movie may become very important to women of the post modernism era. Therefore, in such a situation, movie industry and movie makers are usually at a loss when deciding which position to take. Although it is argued that such films and movies are still making, either position taken just displays inappropriate gender representation. However, a critical analysis of the situation and issues present in the society concerning gender explain how hard it is to arrive at an appropriate representation (Smelik, 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is no Fixed Gender Identity Gender identity refers to an individual’s perception in relation to either being male or female and the same may be different from the biological sex. However, to many people, gender identity is defined by the biological sex. It is important to note that currently there are some people who may be biologically females but do identify themselves as males. Similarly, there are other biological males who identify themselves as females. Such a situation is defined by studying various characteristics that define gender like gender roles. Apart from that, there are other people who are in between male and females and are usually referred to as transsexual. Although the situation may have been there before, it is more prevalent currently since as highlighted earlier, there is a change in gender roles and other characteristics that define gender. Therefore, when focusing about gender representation, it is not clear which gender is being focused on. In itially, there was a major problem in representing males and females as the only options of gender. Although studies of Gilpatric (2010) indicate that there has been an issue of gender misrepresentation in the movie industry, the worst hit is the advertisement industry. This is attributed to the fact that gender representation in advertising is characterized by sexism as most advertisements contain behaviours and attitudes that favour one gender. In most advertisements, women are usually illustrated as sexual objects. Studies of Cortese (2008) illustrate that most advertisements do not only help in bringing out the difference between men and women but also in illustrating the cultural assumption of most people that men are superior to women. The situation becomes worse when advertising beauty products since a beautiful woman is usually illustrated as tall, smooth and slender. Although masculinity is also displayed in the mass media through various advertisements, women are usually i llustrated sex objects. The world is also characterized by violence towards women and the advertising industry plays a very big role in the same. This is usually due to the advertisement of alcoholic beverages that promote violence against women. In addition, most of the advertisements contain pictures illustrating sexual violence. Studies of Eschholz Bufkin (2001) also illustrate that even other films and movies are characterized by violence. The case on advertising just illustrates how hard it has been to represent both males and females, no matter the necessity. It is explicit that dealing with males and females is a major problem. Therefore, lack of fixed gender identity complicates the issue even further. This is due to the fact that it is not obvious for a man to take the gender identifying of males and the same case applies to women. More to that the gender identity may change as a result of exposure to various factors that affect gender like the issue of culture which is no t only dynamic but also prone to change. Such factors make gender representation not only difficult, but also a complicated issue due to the fact that with the changing gender roles, it is difficult to mark appropriate gender representation. Conclusion The challenge of media in representing gender needs no emphasis although some believe that the media is not doing enough. This due to the fact that the issue of gender and gender roles is heavily affected by culture which is not only dynamic, but also prone to change. It is easier to conclude that media should embrace change especially in relation to gender roles in the society (Gauntlett, 2008). On the other hand, it bears noting that societies are very diverse. For example, in places like United States, a woman is viewed as independent and less submissive. In places like Asia as illustrated in the film ‘No Joy, No Luck’, the issue of submissiveness is not a stereotype but a fact (Hegedorn 1994). Therefore, it is questio nable how the Asian movies can fulfil the expectation of the audience and at the same time promote narcissism amongst women. In addition, in advertisement, studies of Cortese (2008) indicate that people are currently complaining against the advertisements which are offensive and the same was unheard of some years back. Bent on that, it is important to recognize that media has got many challenges in representing gender due to many factors like lack of fixed gender identity, peoples perception on culture as well as balancing between making profit and meeting the needs of the audience. Therefore, as much as there should be appropriate gender representation, there many hindrances which ought not to be overlooked References Cortese, A. J. (2008). Images of Women and Minorities in Advertising. New York: Rowman Littlefield. Eschholz, S. Bufkin, J. (2001). Crime in the Movies: Investigating the Efficacy of Measures of Both Sex and Gender for Predicting Victimization and Offending in Film. Sociological Forum, 16 (4), 655-676. Gauntlett, D. (2008). Media, gender and identity: an introduction. Abingdon: Taylor Francis. Gilpatric, K. (2010). Violent Female Action Characters in Contemporary American Cinema. Sex Roles, 62, 734–746. Hagedorn, J. (1994). Asian Women in Film, No Joy, No Luck. Academic Research Library, 4 (4), 74-80. Lee, L. (2008). Understanding Gender through Disney’s Marriages: A Study of Young Korean Immigrant Girls. Early Childhood Educ (36), 11-18. Smelik, A. (2010). Lara Croft: Kill Bill and the Battle for Theory in Feminists Film Studies. Singapore Management University.

Mary Wollstonecrafts Life and Work

Mary Wollstonecrafts Life and Work Mary Wollstonecraft has been called the first feminist or mother of feminism. Her book-length essay on womens rights, and especially on womens education, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, is a classic of feminist thought, and a must-read for anyone who wants to understand the history of feminism. Wollstonecrafts life and her work have been interpreted in widely different ways, depending on the attitude of the writer towards womens equality or depending on the thread of feminism with which a writer is associated. Rights of Man - and Wrongs of Woman Mary Wollstonecraft is usually considered a liberal feminist because her approach is primarily concerned with the individual woman and about rights. She could be considered as a difference feminist in her honoring of womens natural talents and her insistence that women not be measured by mens standards. Her work has a few glimmers of some modern sexuality and gender analysis in her consideration of the role of sexual feelings in the relationships between men and women. Wollstonecraft can be claimed with some legitimacy by communitarian feminists: their critique of a rights approach echoes in Wollstonecrafts emphasis on duty in the family and in civic relationships. And she can also be seen as a precursor of the political feminists: her Vindication and perhaps, even more, her Maria: The Wrongs of Woman link womens oppression to the need for men to change. Like several other women of the time (Judith Sargent Murray in America, Olympe de Gouges in France, for two examples), Wollstonecraft was a participant in and  an observer of a remarkable series of social revolutions. One was Enlightenment thought in general: a skepticism about and revisioning of institutions, including the family, the state, educational theory, and religion. Wollstonecraft is especially associated with Enlightenment thought that put reason at the center of human identity and as the justification for rights. But these ideas seemed in stark contrast to the continuing realities of womens lives. Wollstonecraft could look to her own life history and to the lives of women in her family and see the contrast. Abuse of women was close to home. She saw little legal recourse for the victims of abuse. For women in the rising middle-class, those who did not have husbands or at least reliable husbands had to find ways to earn their own living or a living for their families. The contrast of the heady talk of rights of man with the realities of the life of woman motivated Mary Wollstonecraft to write her 1792 book, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Tracts and ideological books had been exchanged in the war of ideas around rights and liberty and freedom and reason for several years. Writings on the rights of man including one by Wollstonecraft were part of the general intellectual discussion in England and France before, during, and after the French Revolution. Wollstonecraft moved in the same circles as Thomas Paine, Joseph Priestley, Samuel Coleridge, William Wordsworth, William Blake and William Godwin. It was in that atmosphere that Wollstonecraft wrote her Vindication, taking chapters to the printer as she wrote them (she was still writing the end after the first chapters had been printed). She later (1796) published a travel book, writing about a trip to Sweden, in which her descriptions of another culture were full of feeling and emotion something which her more rational-oriented critics deplored. Godwin In that same year she renewed an old acquaintance with William Godwin. They became lovers a few months later, though they lived separately to focus on their separate writing careers. Both were philosophically opposed to the institution of marriage and for good reason. The law gave rights to a husband and took them away from a wife, and both were opposed to such laws. It was decades later that Henry Blackwell and Lucy Stone, in America, integrated into their wedding ceremony a disclaimer of such rights. But when Wollstonecraft became pregnant, they decided to marry, though they continued their separate apartments. Tragically, Wollstonecraft died within two weeks of delivery of the baby, of childbed fever or septicemia. The daughter, raised by Godwin with Wollstonecrafts older daughter, later married the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley in a shocking elopement and is known to history as Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, author of Frankenstein. Shortly after Wollstonecrafts death, Godwin published his Memoirs of Wollstonecraft as well as her unpublished and unfinished novel, Maria: or the Wrongs of Woman. As some have argued, his honesty in his memoirs of her troubled love relationships, her suicide attempts, her financial difficulties, all helped conservative critics to find a target to denigrate all womens rights. The most vivid example of that is Richard Polwheles The Unsexd Females which viciously criticized Wollstonecraft and other female writers. The result? Many readers steered away from Wollstonecraft. Few writers quoted her or used her work in their own, at least they did not do so publicly. Godwins work of honesty and love, ironically, nearly caused the intellectual loss of Mary Wollstonecrafts ideas. More About Mary Wollstonecraft Rights in the Air: the context of  A Vindication of the Rights of WomanWhat Rights?  - arguments of Mary Wollstonecraft in  A Vindication of the Rights of WomanLife of Mary Wollstonecraft  - the life of experience that grounded her work Mary Wollstonecraft Quotations  - key quotations from Mary Wollstonecrafts workJudith Sargent Murray  - a contemporary feminist, from AmericaOlympe de Gouges  - a contemporary feminist, from FranceMary Wollstonecraft Shelley  - Mary Wollstonecrafts daughter, author of  Frankenstein

The Masters Prepared Nurse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Masters Prepared Nurse - Essay Example "The Hospital That Could Cure Health Care" in the December 2009 Newsweek talks about the Cleveland Clinic. This is a the hospital that President Obama visited in July to determine what efficient healthcare was like. The Cleveland Clinic has such things as a miniature robot that repairs a heart valve through an inch long incision, a computer system that allows doctors to read patients charts and write orders from anywhere in the world and interactive supply closets. When a nurse removes something from a supply shelf, the supply is registered and a self guided robot cart brings replacements from the warehouse. They are an upscale hospital who built their efficiency after the Toyota factory and the Japanese inspired lean thinking model (Adler & Interlandi, 2009) The CEO here is unusual and forward thinking. He has already banned the hiring of smokers and does urine tests on employees for nicotine. He presently wants a policy to ban hiring people who are obese but the law will not yet allow him to do that. Things like potato chips have been banned from the hospital vending machines. However, Cleveland Clinic has produced the most cost efficient care in the United States in the last two years.

NJ Landfill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

NJ Landfill - Essay Example The early operators were Anthony Amadei Sand and Gravel Company, which remained in power to operate until 1976, when Gloucester Environmental Management Services, Inc. took over until its closure in 1980. The area of landfill was started off with a very small area; in 1963 it occupied simply 11.4 acres of the land; in only two years' time it was spread over 16 acres. In 1970 and finally in 1974 it covered 39.5 acres and 61.7 acres respectively. It was discovered by Solid Waste Administration (SWA) that during this later period of it's functioning that many chemicals were dumped. The report also indicated deficiencies in sanitary landfill operating procedures, improperly covered area and lack of control in preventing windblown paper. It all affected the Holly Run. Another survey conducted by SWA in the year 1977 showed that GEMS landfill did not meet the approved design specifications. The dispute broke between the two parties and later administrative order to end the operations was passed on September 1, 1977; it remained operative until November 1980. The coastal plain where the landfill is located is underlain by Pleistocene, tertiary and cretaceous age sediments. The geological formations include: the Bridgeton formation, the Cohansey formation, the Kirkwood formation, the Manasquan, the Naveskine, the Mount Laurel and Wenonah formation. Sources of contamination Organic solvents and several other industrial wastes and output have contaminated the surrounding area, ground water, surface water and air. Arsenic, barium and lead are the major elements found and pesticides include DDE, DDD, and DDT. It is shameful to see that these water sources were the drinking wells for the neighborhood (NUS Corporation, 1986). Potentially responsible parties The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in its efforts to take remedial action against the GEMS landfill, identified parties (companies) that were responsible for the degradation and exploitation of the landfill which led to hazards for the community and the landfill itself. The names of the parties are as under: Gloucester Environmental Management Services, Inc. Owens/Cornings Fiberglas, Inc. E.I. Dupont de Nemours and Company Rohm and Haas Company City of Philadelphia, Gloucester township Richard Winn David Ehrlich Anthony Amadei Geppert Brothers, Inc. and Curtis T. Bedwell and Sons, Inc. EPA invited these individual parties to volunteer their efforts in evaluation, design, clean up and redevelopment of the landfill area, in September of

China's energy technology and how it affects the United States Research Paper

China's energy technology and how it affects the United States - Research Paper Example The Chinese economy have shown remarkable strength and resiliency throughout the economic crisis and has likewise shown significant strength when recovery started to set in. However, the United States remain shackled down by systemic risks since the crisis basically crippled the banking sector of the US. Among the positive contributors to the resiliency of the Chinese economy was the strong domestic demand that has been instrumental in ensuring consumption and therefore economic growth. This has been brought about by the fact that China has the highest population in the world which the Central Intelligence Agency (2011) estimates to about 1.3 billion. On the other end, the United States has over .3 billion which places it at the third spot over the world. Looking at the population alone, it is easy to surmise that these countries are also the most voracious energy consumers in the world. However, the recent acceleration of the Chinese economy has prompted the government to be more se rious in tackling the energy demand of the country. This is a basic necessity since this is a basic requirement for continued economic growth. Hence, it has been a pressing concern for the Chinese to improve their capability to power their economy which includes renewable energy sources from the sun and the wind. Likewise, this has been instrumental in pushing China past the United States in terms of energy consumption (IEA, 2010). Main Body Economic recovery and Energy Sustainability The recovery of the global economy has been coupled by the increased arousal to the reality of global warming. Likewise, the fact that fossil fuels will eventually run out has been increasingly gaining traction on economic, social, political and even in military dialogues worldwide. As a matter of fact, world leaders have inked the Copenhagen agreement in order to lessen emissions from green house gases (World Energy Outlook, 2010). This is a significant agreement since the environmental symptoms of gl obal warming has been growing more severe. Likewise, in order to ensure economic growth and stability, countries would do well to veer away from the traditional power source of fossil fuels. This has significantly boosted demand for renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind energy. More so, the economic growth of China has necessitated additional power producing capabilities. Over the last generation, China has increased its power output by about 53 gigawatts (gw) per year (Campbell 2011). Given the high population and the increasing investments to further grow their economy, China has really stepped up its efforts and investments in renewable energy. According to Wong (2010), China has been significantly pouring funds for renewable energy. Basically, the Chinese hopes to be ahead of the curve when it comes to generating new ways to harness renewable energy as well as to be able to make it available for consumption and actually making its economy able to utilize it. Furt hermore, China has significantly moved away from the coal dependent economy that is, although growing industrially, manufactures only low value goods that are mainly dependent on labor. Nowadays, despite still being a predominantly agricultural economy, China has been re-cast as an advanced economy with an increasingly sophisticated economy coupled by the

Factors That Has Helped Four Seasons Hotel Tourism Essay

Factors That Has Helped Four Seasons Hotel Tourism Essay The main reason behind the preparation of this assignment is to analyse the case study about the factors that has helped Four Seasons hotel to succeed initially and understanding and appreciating the different growth strategies that are adopted and implemented by Four Seasons in order to be one of the successful operating company in hospitality industry. This assignment also discusses the various downturns that the hospitality industry has faced over the years and how Four Seasons dealt with the situation in order to survive in the business. Moreover, in the assignment, the unique business model of Four Seasons hotel is compared and relate to different theories such as value chain analysis which shows how Four Seasons hotel is able to manage their stakeholders expectations. In addition, I have given some recommendations for Four Seasons hotel, to sustain in the hotel business. Company Profile: Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts, the worlds leading operator of luxury hotels with a history spanning four decades and a portfolio that extended worldwide. It is one of the worlds biggest and finest chains of luxury hotels which have developed from one motel started by Isadore sharp 1961 in downtown Toronto Canada, to 82 luxury hotel properties in 34 countries worldwide. Four Seasons owns its own hotels, principally under the Four Seasons and Regent names, as well as some others, including the Ritz-Carlton in Chicago and the Pierre in New York. About half the companys earnings come from management fees, and half of it from properties it owns directly. Their highly admired service quality helped them to become benchmark in luxury hotel market. The basic operational policy of Four Seasons hotel is Treat others as you would like to be treated. Highest quality of service to the customers is acquired by Four Seasons by maintaining and improving their service standards also with an innovative approach and continuous development and an eye for detail every single time of service. The company shifted from hotel owner to hotel operator in 1990s the companys 95% of the shares are owned by Bill Gates the founder of Microsoft and Al-Waleed Bin Talal (Prince of Saudi Arabia equally). Rest of the shares are owned by Isadore sharp CEO and company founder. Establishment of Four Seasons: Four Seasons Hotel Chain was founded in 1961, by visionary Isadore sharp with the opening of 126 rooms Inn on the Park in downtown Canada. Sharp was a degree holder in architecture and not from a hotel management background thus Sharp was totally new to the Hotel Business. Sharp describes himself a builder who joined his fathers business after graduation. Joining a hotel industry business was not at all in his mind or his intention till he was working on a project to build a motel. He got an exposure with the motel project and he realised about the upcoming market of luxury hotels. The need of personalised service round the clock with the booming economy made him take a decision to get into Hotel business. The hotel he opened is named as The Four Seasons motor hotel which he opened with the help from his brother in law. The hotel became famous amongst the business travellers and celebrities as it had a innovative design it was different from other hotels as he built all rooms facing inwards giving a view of inner courtyard and swimming pool instead of the outside neighbourhood. Growth and expansion: With the initial success of his first hotel, the big break through which Isadore Sharp was waiting for came in 1970 by opening first Four Seasons Hotel in Hyde Park area of London. Comparatively the room rates were higher than the competitors in the 270 room hotel but then also Four Seasons enjoyed 95% occupancy through out the year. The success came with an innovative idea of hotel equipped with latest amenities unlike old traditional hotels in London. In 1972, Sharp opened a massive 1600 room hotel convention centre in Toronto, Canada in partnership with Sheraton. It took a long time to complete the project, almost 10 years. In 1980 the economy was booming and the demand for luxury hotels increased , and thus Sharp started building hotels across the North America, later in almost every major US city, also to take an advantage of real estate deals. In three decades by 1990, Four Seasons already opened 23 hotels in three countries with net earnings of $15 million. Four Seasons became Global leader in 1992 with acquisition of Regent International hotels. further strong financial base to build and buy hotel properties worldwide came in 1994 when Saudi Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal bought 25% of companys shares. They also signed a contract with Carlson Hospitality to develop and expand regent brand worldwide through establishing management contracts and franchising agreements. Initial Success Factors of Four Seasons: To combine best of small hotels with the best of large hotels Isadore Sharp He came up with the idea of opening the medium sized hotels which was enough to give a touch of personalised service providing with a range of luxury amenities and services. Running business from Customers Perspective: The most effective initial strategy for Sharp was to look at the business from customers point of view. He was a innovative thinker to fulfil customers needs in terms of luxury. Example When Four Seasons came into existence the trend was to use flimsy towels in bathroom, he replaced that we 100% cotton towels which worked really well. With experience of opening the first hotel, Sharp realised customers are ready to spend for one thing thats service. And as Four seasons most guest were business travellers and with the experience he came to a conclusion that for them Service means luxury. Luxury Redefined: Maintaining high quality service can also be a brand if delivered constantly according to Sharp. This idea provided him with the initial success in medium sized luxury hotels which gives commitment of providing homelike comforts and personalised service. Thus luxury was redefined as Service and not as decor and architecture. Quality of service comes before the hotel decor and architecture for the customers. As most of the customers for Four Seasons were business travellers Sharp commented They are mostly executives, often under pressure fighting jet lag, stress and the clock. We decided to redefine luxury as service. Thus the key towards Customer satisfaction was achieved by Sharp and he knew what the customers wanted unmatched service quality will give them competitive edge. Although Four Seasons charge 20% extra room rate than the closest competitors but still they were successful of maintaining high occupancy rates. Further Sharp wanted the highest personalised service quality for the guest which was possible only if employees are motivated and happy they will deliver it. Thus employee motivation, mutual respect and empowerment played a vital role in achieving customer satisfaction. And thus he introduced the golden rule. Golden rule: Sharp refer to his first business rule as Golden rule treat your customers as you want to be treated. This became the operational policy for Four Seasons. Every employee is a member of customer service and in charge of it. And he believed employees are the most important part of Four Seasons hotel because there is very limited time in which service encounter takes place unlike other industries. And the employee has to give his best to maintain proper service standards thus lot of screening and interviews are done to ensure the right candidate is selected for right job. Innovation: Innovation contributed a lot in the initial success of Four Seasons. Most of the luxurious amenities and services like Shampoo in the shower, bathrobes, 24 hour room service, two- line phone in guest room, pressing iron, 24 hour secretarial service, big well lit desk were the First to be introduced by Sharp and Four Seasons. The Custom made mattresses is now became the standard of luxury hotels which was Sharps favourite. Vision of Isadore Sharp: Provide each and every thing in the guest room that will make the customer happy. Growth Strategies adopted by four seasons: Initial success for Four Seasons did built a platform for them to grow world wide. It created a network of mid sized luxury hotel in almost all key financial cities all over the world. During this process Four Seasons adopted many different growth strategies as follows: Brand name is competitive advantage: The biggest asset for Four Seasons group was their brand name which was not responsible for their initial success but also a part of their global expansion strategy. The core business strategy for four seasons was to continuously improve their market position and profitability to ensure the competitive advantage while obtaining new management contracts worldwide. Strategic relationship with investors: With the help of strategic relationships with many small private institutions earlier helped them to expand their opportunities worldwide. Prince Alwaleed bin Talal bought 25% of company shares and with his major investments in Four Seasons which helped them to enter in new markets as well the ownership was not of Four seasons so it served their primary objective of being a management company. From Hotel owner to Hotel operators: Their unique business development model stated they wanted to be a hotel chain operator than hotel chain owner. It has ownership of only three hotels out of their sixty three hotels. Under this unique business model Four seasons hotel doesnt have a burden of ownership, the major capital is brought by the partners with whom Four Seasons developed strategic relationships. There is wide range of management fees (base fee, incentive fee, sales and marketing charge and reservation charge) for providing these services to the owner. How Four Seasons responded to economic downturns? Four Seasons faced economic downturns in different years in four decades 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 in the following years 74, 81, 91, 2001. And all of them made a significant impact on Four seasons strategy. The hotel business during the time of recession were mainly affected by Increased interest rates and Decrease in market prices With the increased airfares and the increased occupancy rates the tourism was badly affected. Executives of the company were travelling less and the leisure facilities were decreased for the executives which affected the hotel and tourism market. Furthermore increased terrorism affected hotel and tourism market. There were drastic steps taken by different hotel operators by cutting labour cost, lowering prices buy Four seasons believed that the industry is going to return to normal soon and Isadore Sharp adopted exactly the other way. He took the challenge during the time of recession and saw the opportunity to develop the hotels. He told his executives about his thoughts that when our competitors are lowering standards we will raise ours The different actions taken by Four Seasons as an answer to economic downturns are: Four Seasons followed their words to look after their employees: During the time of recession most of the hotel operators cut down their labour cost but Four Seasons tackled the situation the other way, they responded by cutting the overhead costs but not the labour costs. They aimed for maximizing labours value instead of lowering labour cost. Sharp explained this strategy to his executives, And we also know that what we must do to meet that goal, is to lower costs and raise service and product quality. But cutting costs and raise service and product quality. But cutting costs by cutting labour, if carried too far, lowers quality. The only way these seemingly conflicting aims can be reconciled is by responsible employees committed to working smarter. Instead of minimizing labours cost we should maximize labours value: by convincing our employees that our purpose merits commitment. Four seasons offered Flexible Contracts to the employees rather than job cut, in which employees will be called on duty as per the demand of the business which replaced working four days a week instead of five days a week. It was in the agreement of the employees and all the employees were in favour of the decision furthermore the salaries and the bonuses of the managers was also affected. This all resulted in sharing a common policy in heading towards companys goals. Improving the products: Most of the hotel operators paused the construction or running of a hotel for a temporary period but the property business is really high during the time of recession because the properties are sold out on lower rates thus Four Seasons tackled the situation by renovation and refurbishment to improve the products. Isadore Sharp believed that providing quality service to the guest are a necessity and not a service by itself. And if the hotel wants to sustain in the market the new trends in the hotel industries should be followed to keep up with the market. Thus to accommodate these changes and provide customers with quality service. During recession the room occupancy is the lowest thus the inconvenience caused to the guests are very less and thus the guests get a royal out of the world service. They followed this strategy during recession period which gave them a steady growth over the decade. Advertising costs: Most of the competitors of Four Seasons hotel kept cutting their advertising and marketing costs, but Four Seasons didnt cut their advertising and marketing budget to maintain the brand recognition as they had a very good recognition in the Hospitality industry. It is easy to maintain the momentum rather than restart it. This strategy helped them to gain a competitive edge over their competitors in maintaining their brand recognition. Property market: During recession the supply in the market for the land was than the demand on low prices. Four seasons took the advantage of low prices of the land and they picked the premium locations which would have been difficult to buy them in normal times. Thus this strategy paid off to Four Seasons during the time of recession and they came with the finest of the hotels in top locations after recession. How four seasons managed various stakeholder expectations? Stakeholder: Person, group, or organization that has direct or indirect stake in organization because it can affect or be affected by the organizations actions, objectives, and policies. (www. businessdictionary.com) There are three most important aspects of managing stakeholder expectations: Know your stakeholders Know what exactly they except from you Make them accountable for realities of project by making them aware of risks and consequences. (According to Dr. James Brown, president of the project management company Seba Solutions). Different stake holders of Four Seasons hotel are Stakeholders play a vital role for a company to survive thus the company or organisation needs to implement a strategy for managing their stakeholder expectations. Thus Four seasons implemented following strategy for managing their stakeholder expectations: STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT Managing the stakeholders expectation is a step by step process: After identification of stakeholders, the second step is to identify their needs. Needs and expectations of the stakeholders of Four seasons can be described as follows: Owners: Returns on investment by profit Management: Management fees on the basis of gross revenue. Employees: Empowerment, Career opportunities and job security. Customers: High quality service and luxury. Society: Corporate social responsibility. Their strategy to manage stakeholder expectations can be summarised with relation to value chain analysis as well value_chain_analysis Value chain analysis is a concept to create competitive advantage and sustaining superior performance. Owner: Expectation of the owners are really high on returns in terms of profit because they are the one who made the capital investment in the projects. The different aspects of value chain used by four season hotels are like Infrastructure of the hotel, the most innovative idea of the initial strategy was to come up with medium sized hotels, and it worked really well. It was made possible and successful by Isadore Sharp who was the degree holder in architecture and he knew the latest designs of buildings and hotels like building rooms facing inwards to avoid view of neighbourhood made significant contribution to it. These innovative designs really helped Four Seasons to come up with the highest occupancy among the travellers. Thus they were successful in managing owners expectations by giving returns on their investments in less time. Management: To ensure a good gross revenue it is vital to get higher occupancy with good average room rate throughout the year. Sales and Marketing and technology come into picture from Value chain analysis. The marketing strategy for Four season hotel is to target the luxury segment of the market. 69% of their business comes from business travellers and groups. So almost all of their advertising and marketing programmes were designed to enhance the awareness of luxury service provided by Four seasons hotel. Technology played a vital part in achieving their goal by newly designed website and superior reservation system. They gained an advantage over other hotels by Global reservation system which gave an option to the guests to be comfortable with their own local language in North America, Asia and European Network. Example: There are so many hotels in Hyde Park area but over 30 years Four Seasons has gained and enjoyed the highest occupancy in the area with their strategy. Employees: Employees expect Mutual respect and Empowerment from Four season hotel. Employees are the most important stakeholders of the organisation, if they are happy to work for the organisation the whole business cycle can run smoothly, If Employees are happy then the customers are happy with their service it leads to word of mouth publicity and the organisation gets a repeat business. Employees deserve a mutual respect from the management. Human Resource Management from value chain ensures that employees should get what they deserve and expect. And most importantly the Golden Rule of Four Seasons is treat others as you would like to be treated also they believe that if employees are happy then only they can make customers happy. Four Seasons has maintained empowering their employees, and the best outcome and results can be obtained from their employees by empowering them. Im sure weve all read reports on the productivity gains achieved by empowering employees. And we all know the workplace has to change to attain this. And in a survey of 264 big company chairman, 62 percent agreed that one of the most important business issues facing them was building and keeping a qualified workforce. -Isadore Sharp d.) Customers: The expectation of the customers is very high as Four Seasons targets luxury segment of market. Service factor from Value Chain is wisely utilized by Four Seasons to manage expectations of luxury for the customers. They redefined luxury as service. Four Seasons gained a competitive edge by provided high standard of service with personalised touch. Customers got what they expected from Four Seasons. And they are very successful in making customers happy. E.) Society: As Society expects some corporate social responsibility(CRS) from all the hotels and organisation, their expectation for four seasons towards society is really high as well. CSR includes encouraging activities for development of society and avoiding practices which causes harm to the environment. Four Seasons explain how they help and take initiative towards community by various training and mentoring programmes for young people and helping whoever in need in their website www.fourseasons.com . Example: They donate organic food to local farmers to feed their animals (Costa Rica) and also providing shelter camps to Urban Elephants(Golden Triangle, Thailand), Raising significant funds for cancer research and awareness programmes. Recommendation: Four Seasons has a strong portfolio in the Hotel Industry but to sustain they should focus on few things which are as follows: Four Seasons should concentrate on building more brands and focus on all the categories like upper-scale, middle and budget hotels. Unlike Accor group of hotel they have segmented their hotels and created a brand focusing the needs of its customers such as Etap, Ibis, Novotel, Sofitel etc. To compete with other leading brands Four Seasons should come up with more hotels all over the world for more brand recognition and for customers to have a taste of their service. Furthermore Four Seasons should continue the effective management of the hotel the way they are doing it to sustain in the market. CONCLUSION With the base of the case study and research on Four seasons hotel, Canadian based business has an excellent brand recognition all over the world. The company is moving ahead with excellence along with strong financial and operational management. Different innovative ideas of Four Seasons hotel helped them grow in this hospitality business over the years furthermore during the time of recession Four Seasons hotel did really well, thus it says Fours Seasons Hotel has turned economic down turn to a competitive advantage over their competitors by coming up with different properties with prime location after recession (they responded very well to economic downturn). They took the down turn as an opportunity to expand and thus they are achieving excellence in their business.